New research, released today by the Social Market Foundation (SMF) think-tank, warns that 1.73 million workers will continue to be paid below the National Living Wage (NLW) when it comes into force in April 2016 because it does not cover the self-employed. By 2020, the NLW is expected to rise further, resulting in the number of self-employed workers paid below the new rate rising to 1.88 million.
The research, entitled Tough gig: Low paid self-employment in London and the UK, reveals that almost a half (49%) of UK self-employed are in low pay on an hourly basis, compared with just 22% of UK employees. When pay is looked at on a monthly basis, the proportion of low paid self-employed workers increases to 55% compared to 29% of employees.
The SMF report – funded by independent charity Trust for London – raises concerns that, as the new higher NLW comes in, there is an added incentive for firms to move away from directly employing workers towards contracting out services to self-employed individuals, as self-employed workers are not covered by the NLW.
Self-employment is a growing part of the employment landscape. It now accounts for over 1 in 7 of workers in the UK, a proportion that has grown by a quarter since 2000.
London’s self-employed
London has the highest rate of self-employment of all UK regions, with the self-employed accounting for 18% of all workers. Growth in self-employment in London was responsible for much of the jobs recovery after the last recession
However, Tough gig: Low paid self-employment in London and the UK reveals that just over half of London’s self-employed are in low monthly pay (52% or 319,000 people in 2010-11*) – a similar proportion to the rest of the UK. If London has followed the UK-level trend in more recent years it is likely this figure will have now increased to around 55%.
The research suggests that the higher cost of living in London presents a particular problem for the self-employed. The SMF show that two-thirds (67%) of self-employed Londoners earned less than the equivalent of a full-time employee on the London Living Wage – which stood at just over £15,000 in 2011*.
Misconceptions about low paid self-employed
It’s commonly thought that we need to worry less about the low-paid self-employed as they may have other sources of income (personal or household) to rely on compared to other workers. However, Tough gig: Low paid self-employment in London and UK shows that 64% of low paid self-employed workers in the UK have no income from savings, investments or pensions, compared to only 36% of low paid employees. The situation is worse in London, where 77% of the low paid self-employed have no other sources of income aside from employment earnings.
The research also reveals that, across the UK, low paid self-employed workers are more likely (28% or around 600,000 people) to live in low income households than their low paid employee counterparts (19%).
Low paid self-employment by sector
Five sectors account for three-quarters (73%) of London’s low paid self-employed. The same five sectors account for 64% of the UK’s low paid self-employed. The five sectors are: Construction, which includes building site work, electricals and plumbing, decoration and roofing; Administrative and support activities, which includes a range of different types of activities, but our analysis shows that that the most common sub-component for the low-paid self-employed is services to buildings & landscape activities, such as cleaning and gardening; Transport & storage, of which the most important for the low-paid self-employed are “land transport”, most likely taxi, lorry or coach drivers; Professional, scientific and technical, where much of the low-paid self-employed are concentrated in design, photography and translation services; and, Wholesale and retail trade, with the majority of low-paid self-employed in retail trade.
Demographics of low paid self-employment
Research highlights that, across the UK, growth in self-employment has been particularly stark among older people. This may potentially reflect changes to work and retirement patters, with older people choosing to stay in work for longer. However, the pattern of older people going into self-employment is less marked in London. This means that London’s low-paid self-employed are less likely to have pension income to rely on to supplement their earnings.
In terms of gender, men account for 72% of London’s self-employed and 67% of the low paid self-employed. Despite this, women are disproportionately likely to be in low pay. The SMF find this is a picture which also plays out on the national level.
Report author, SMF chief economist Nida Broughton, said:
“The government has focussed its efforts on tackling low pay among employees. But in doing so, it is further sharpening the divide between employee and self-employed. Policies such as the National Living Wage make it artificially more attractive for firms to engage contractors rather than employees, and ignore a large section of low paid workers. Policymakers need to adapt to a world that is moving away from the traditional employer-employee model of working.”
Mubin Haq, Director of Policy & Grants at Trust for London, commented:
“There’s a common assumption that people enter self-employment because they can afford to, as it is offset by other earnings including those from family members. This research finds that those in low-paid self-employment are 50% more likely to be living in a low-income household than low-paid employees and that their income from other sources such as savings is lower. In London the self-employed have accounted for much of the jobs growth in recent years but it appears this has come at the cost of increased low pay. Stronger measures are needed to tackle this including specific sector support and examining the role of contractors in increasing the wage floor.”
-ENDS-
Notes to editors:
- About the report:
This research was kindly supported by Trust for London. The Social Market Foundation retains full editorial control over all of its outputs. - (*)Data used in the research:
National-level data is based on the Family Resources Survey (FRS), which is one of the few national-level surveys that asks respondents about income from self-employment. The FRS is also used by Government to produce official statistics on households below average income. The FRS (2013/14) covers 35,134 individuals and 20,137 households. However, sample sizes in the FRS are too small to examine the extent of low-paid self-employment in London specifically. For these estimates, we use HMRC’s Survey of Personal Incomes (SPI), which contains data on 677,442 individuals, of which 99,850 are in London (2010/11). Both datasets are the latest possible versions. - About the Social Market Foundation:
The Social Market Foundation (SMF) is a non-partisan think tank. We believe that fair markets, complemented by open public services, increase prosperity and help people to live well. We conduct research and run events looking at a wide range of economic and social policy areas, focusing on economic prosperity, public services and consumer markets. We engage with policymakers and opinion formers, including Ministers, MPs, civil servants, regulators, businesses, charities and the media. The SMF is resolutely independent, and the range of backgrounds and opinions among our staff, trustees and advisory board reflects this. - About Trust for London:
Trust for London is one of the largest independent charitable foundations funding work which tackles poverty and inequality in the capital. It supports work providing greater insights into the root causes of London’s social problems and how they can be overcome; activities which help people improve their lives; and work empowering Londoners to influence and change policy, practice and public attitudes. Each year it provides around £7 million in grants and at any one point are supporting some 400 voluntary and community organisations. - Media enquiries:
To interview the report author or for further details about the research, please contact Sean O’Brien, SMF communications manager, via sean@smf.co.uk.